School of Business

BUS093. Business Workshop. 0 Credits.

Non-credit workshop for business majors which will cover various topics such as, but not limited to, graduation requirements, writing skills, career planning and ethics. Attending the Business Workshop is required for all students to become a Business Major.

BUS193. Business Selected Topic. 1-12 Credits.

Selected topics courses are regularly scheduled courses that focus on a particular topic of interest. Descriptions are printed in the Schedule of Classes each semester. Selected topics courses may be used as elective credit and may be repeated for credit, provided that the topic of the course changes.

BUS201. Financial Accounting. 3 Credits.

Introduction to basic accounting principles for measuring and communicating financial data about a business enterprise to external parties. Topics include the accounting information system and the recognition and measurement of financial statement information. NOTE: Accounting majors must earn a C+ or better to advance to BUS202.

BUS202. Managerial Accounting. 3 Credits.

Introduction to measurement and communication of the financial information needed by management. Topics include product costing, cost behavior, cost-volume-profit analysis, and budgeting. NOTE: Accounting majors must earn a C+ or better in BUS201 to enroll in this course.

BUS216. Data Wrangling with R. 3 Credits.

Explore the basic techniques related to data wrangling. Based on R platform, topics include basic programming technique, importing/exporting data files, creating and modifying data frames, working with strings, categorical data, date/time variable, and variable transformation, tidy data, reshaping data, treating missing values, aggregating data, presenting data results, etc.

BUS217. Foundations of Sustainability. 3 Credits.

An interdisciplinary exploration of sustainability frameworks across global cultures and civilizations throughout history.

BUS250. Principles of Management. 3 Credits.

Introduction to managerial roles and functions. Topics include planning, organizing, controlling, leading in organizations, foundations of managerial thought, and the processes that lead to organizational effectiveness.

BUS271. Legal Environment of Business. 3 Credits.

Influence of the American legal system and ethical concepts on the conduct of business. Topics include corporate social responsibility, business organizations and regulations, contracts, agency, litigation and dispute resolution, torts and crimes, and employment law.

BUS272. Business Law for Accountants. 3 Credits.

Continued analysis of laws relevant to accounting and finance. Topics include the Uniform Commercial Code, real and personal property, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, securities regulation, mergers and acquisitions, bankruptcy, insurance trusts, estates, and accountants' progressional responsibility.

BUS293. Business Selected Topic. 1-12 Credits.

Selected topics courses are regularly scheduled courses that focus on a particular topic of interest. Descriptions are printed in the Schedule of Classes each semester. Selected topics courses may be used as elective credit and may be repeated for credit, provided that the topic of the course changes.

BUS295. Indep Study Business. 0 Credits.

BUS296. Departmental Elective. 0 Credits.

BUS301. Career and Internship Prep. 1 Credit.

Coverage of topics that prepare students for internships and their career, including identifying prospective employers, writing an effective resume, networking, interviewing skills, ethics, and corporate culture.

BUS309. Statistics for Business and Economics I. 3 Credits.

Introduction to statistical analysis for business and economic decisions. Topics include descriptive statistics, probability theory, random variables, expected values, sampling distributions, and statistical inference to include estimation and hypothesis testing.

BUS311. Statistics for Business and Economics II. 3 Credits.

Continued coverage of statistical analysis for economic and business decisions. Topics include hypothesis testing, analysis of variance, multiple regression analysis, and non-parametric statistics.

BUS312. Operations Management. 3 Credits.

Study of analytical tools used for managing operations. Topics include forecasting, product/process design, inventory management, project management, supply chain management, and quality management.

BUS321. Organizational Behavior. 3 Credits.

Study research and its application to organizational behavior. Topics include perception, personality, attitudes, motivation, leadership, communication, group dynamics, decision making, and organizational change. Students may not take both this course and PSY383 for credit.

BUS322. Organization Theory. 3 Credits.

Analysis of major theories dealing with organization characteristics and processes. Topics include decision-making, the organizational environment, and the changing nature of organizations in contemporary society.

BUS323. Introduction to Entrepreneurship. 3 Credits.

Provides a broad overview of entrepreneurship, including identifying business opportunities, gathering funding for and launching a business, growing the organization and harvesting the rewards.

BUS325. Marketing. 3 Credits.

Introduction to the principles of marketing. Topics include consumer behavior, marketing research, segmentation, targeting, and positioning strategy, marketing mix elements.

BUS326. Consumer Behavior. 3 Credits.

Study of consumer behavior using social science concepts. Topics include buyer decision making, product and service choice, motivation and attitudes of consumers, and shopping behavior.

BUS327. Sales Management. 3 Credits.

Discussion of how the sales force and management team contribute to developing and executing a firm's marketing strategy. Topics include selling techniques, customer relationship management, territory management, and training, compensating and evaluating the sales force.

BUS328. Retail Management. 3 Credits.

The objective of the course is to familiarize students with the retail industry at all levels and in all segments. Basics of distribution, wholesaling and retailing will be covered. The course will also cover the critical issues impacting the current industry.

BUS329. Category Management. 3 Credits.

Category management is a strategic approach to procurement where similar goods or services are grouped into categories to optimize purchasing and supplier relationships. It involves analyzing demand, market trends, and sourcing strategies to align procurement with business goals, improve efficiency, and reduce risks. This course will familiarize students with category management, including industry knowledge, category management history and processes, pricing analysis, promotion analysis, syndicated data and methodologies, consumer panel data applications and retailer point of sale data.

BUS341. Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. 3 Credits.

Introduction to basic financial concepts and their application to business enterprises. Topics include financial analysis and forecasting, time-value of money, risk and return, security valuation, and capital budgeting techniques. Students must earn a C+ or better in BUS341 to advance to BUS441, BUS443, BUS445, BUS447, and BUS459.

BUS342. Business Analytics for Accountants. 3 Credits.

This course introduces accounting analytics, covering basic tools and techniques for analyzing financial and non-financial data, making informed decisions, and solving accounting problems, with a focus on practical applications.

BUS345. Human Resource Management. 3 Credits.

Study of concepts and applications used in the human resource function in organizations. Topics include human resource statgegy, recruitment, selection development, training, compensation, performance appraisal, retention, and legal issues in human resources.

BUS346. International Business. 3 Credits.

Discussion of international business concepts with a focus on doing business in non-western countries. Topics include globalization; country differences in economic, political, legal, cultural, and ethical environments; cross-border trade and strategic and managerial issues facing firms engaged in international activities.

BUS347. Introduction to Business Analytics. 3 Credits.

Examine real world examples of how analytics have been used to transform a business or industry. Cover the following analytics methods and how to implement them: linear regression, logistic regression, trees, clustering and visualization.

BUS348. Decision Modeling and Analysis. 3 Credits.

Introduces the fundamental quantitative techniques of using data to make informed management decisions. Topics include decision analysis, probability, simulation, linear optimization, nonlinear optimization and discrete optimization.

BUS349. Data Management and Big Data. 3 Credits.

This course introduces the design of modern databases to collect, organize, and share data for various business transactional and decision support needs. It covers common database architectures, such as the relational databases and data warehousing schemas.

BUS351. Leadership Workshop. 1 Credit.

Focuses on development of leadership skills. Course consists of hands-on exercises and activities designed around the goal of personal leadership growth.

BUS360. Digital Marketing Strategy. 3 Credits.

Study of the Internet's impact on the conduct of business in various industries. Topics include e-business models and the key strategic marketing issues for conducting business online.

BUS365. Accounting Information Systems. 3 Credits.

Study of the main ideas and fundamental technology underlying the development, implementation, and use of modern Accounting Information Systems (AIS), and the relationship of AIS to business processes and internal controls. The use of software packages for processing accounting information.

BUS368. Intermediate Accounting I. 3 Credits.

Coverage of financial accounting and reporting for business entities. Topics include the accounting information system, the conceptual framework, financial statements, and recognition and measurement of cash, receivables, inventory, plant and equipment, and intangible assets. Students must earn a C+ or better in BUS368 to advance to BUS369.

BUS369. Intermediate Accounting II. 3 Credits.

Continued coverage of financial accounting and reporting for business entities. Topics include accounting for liabilities and shareholders' equity, income taxes, financial instruments accounting changes and error corrections, the statement of cash flows, and additional topics of current interest.

BUS371. Concepts in Federal Income Taxation. 3 Credits.

Introduction to principles underlying the U.S. federal income tax system. Emphasis on individual income taxation with some coverage of corporate and partnership taxation.

BUS373. Cost Accounting. 3 Credits.

Development and use of quantitative information for management decision-making. Topics include cost accumulation and control, job order and process cost systems, standard costs and variance analysis, and performance evaluation.

BUS375. Auditing. 3 Credits.

Introduction to the attest function and the independent auditor's role in society, with a focus on audit concepts and tools, including computerized auditing.

BUS376. Investment Initiative. 1 Credit.

Introduction to real world basic stock, bond, and mutual fund investing strategy, investment vocabulary, practical application of portfolio construction, and methodology for making sound investment decisions. Students utilize trading software and participate in an investment competition. The course is designed to complement theoretical classes in a practical manner.

BUS381. Advanced Business Analytics. 3 Credits.

Presents a scientific and systematic approach to business data analytics. Topics include dimension reduction, K-nearest neighbor algorithms, neural networks, Logistic regression model building, association rules, and advanced model evaluation and cost-benefit analyses. Results are interpreted with clients in mind.

BUS385. Supply Chain Analytics. 3 Credits.

Supply chains are complex systems involving multiple businesses and organizations with different goals and objectives. Many different analytical methods and techniques are used to better design and manage supply chains. This course focuses on the application of these methods, no necessarily to theoretical underpinnings.

BUS386. Marketing Analytics. 3 Credits.

This course focuses on the use of quantitative tools to support marketing planning decisions and the objectives of this course are to introduce students to state-of-the art marketing analytics and to teach them how to practically apply these analytics to the real-world business decisions.

BUS387. Analytics in Health Care. 3 Credits.

Analytics methods applies to health care. Topics include statistical auditing in healthcare finance, quality of care, predictors of health care outcomes and the application of social networks in epidemiology.

BUS389. Times Series Analysis for Business. 3 Credits.

Teach students practical and empirical approaches to analyze business time series data. Several approaches will be presented to understanding structure of data, on checking the validity of model, and on forecasting data.

BUS390. Business Intelligence and Analytics. 3 Credits.

Covers sophisticated business data analytics methodologies for complex real-world scenarios. Methodologies include Bayesian networks, cost-benefit analysis for trinary classification models, Kohonen networks, imputation of missing data, and model voting. Emphasis on interpreting output for business clients.

BUS391. Data Visualization. 3 Credits.

Data visualization is an important visual method for effective communication and analyzing large datasets. Through data visualizations we are able to draw conclusions from data that sometimes are not immediately obvious, and interact with the data in an entirely different way. This course will provide you with an informative introduction to the methods, tools and processes involved in visualizing big data.

BUS392. Financial Analytics. 3 Credits.

Introduction to financial modeling and data analysis. Topics include application of asset pricing models, risk measurement, bond market data analysis, interest rate term structure modeling, commodities market data analysis, valuation of swaps and bootstrapping zero-coupon curve, and stochastic process.

BUS393. Business Selected Topic. 1-12 Credits.

Selected topics courses are regularly scheduled courses that focus on a particular topic of interest. Descriptions are printed in the Schedule of Classes each semester. Selected topics courses may be used as elective credit and may be repeated for credit, provided that the topic of the course changes.

BUS396. Departmental Elective. 0 Credits.

BUS399. Modular Course. 0 Credits.

BUS419. Seminar in Analytics. 3 Credits.

An undergraduate level seminar for business analytics majors. Survey the fundamentals of business analytics by reading current research papers and books in this area. Topics vary from year to year.

BUS422. Leadership. 3 Credits.

Provides a study of principles in the field of leadership. Topics include the importance of leadership, leadership behaviors, leadership styles, ethics, power, development, communication, and conflict resolution.

BUS423. New Venture Development. 3 Credits.

Focuses on new product and business opportunities within an established company or a new venture. Topics include innovation, product/service development, and new venture financing. Students will analyze new venture feasibility, resource mobilization, and management of new ventures.

BUS424. Social Entrepreneurship. 3 Credits.

Covers major opportunities and challenges facing social entrepreneurs and their ventures, including how to imagine and evaluate desired social change.

BUS425. Marketing Research. 3 Credits.

Examination of the research process used in marketing decision-making. Topics include survey methodology, sample selection, fieldwork, tabulation, statistical analysis of data and report writing.

BUS427. Advertising Strategy. 3 Credits.

Discussion of advertising and promotion programs. Topics include integrated marketing communications, behavioral responses to advertising, advertising budget controls, the Internet as an advertising medium, advertising research, and strategic applications for the brand management.

BUS429. Marketing Strategy. 3 Credits.

Formulation and implementation of marketing strategies for organizations. Emphasis on marketing decision-making and its integration with the manufacturing and financing dimensions of an organization.

BUS430. International Marketing. 3 Credits.

Focus on marketing management issues in the international environment. Emphasis on how different cultures and environments impact marketing programs.

BUS431. Cross-Cultural Management. 3 Credits.

Coverage of management issues faced when doing business across cultures. Topics include culture, diversity, cross-cultural communication and negotiation, motivation and leadership across cultures, and international human resource management issues.

BUS432. International Entrepreneurship. 3 Credits.

This course will explore the many dimensions and challenges of global venture creation and growth. The course offers a framework for understanding the entrepreneurial process in global contexts and exposes students to key issues and problems specific to international ventures.

BUS441. Financial Management and Policy. 3 Credits.

Introduction to long-term investment and financing decisions of the business enterprise. Topics include capital budgeting techniques, project valuations and analysis of risk, cost of capital, capital structure, dividend policy, and leasing evaluation.

BUS442. Advanced Accounting. 3 Credits.

Accounting for business combinations, consolidated entities, partnerships, governmental and not-for-profit organizations, and multinational entities.

BUS443. Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management. 3 Credits.

Focus on theory and quantitative tools for managing financial assets and portfolios. Topics include investment fundamentals and markets, buying and selling strategies, risk and return, diversification, portfolio theories, global investing, and valuation of financial instruments.

BUS445. International Financial Management. 3 Credits.

Discussion of financial management in the international context. Topics include international financial markets, exchange rate behavior and management of its risk, international banking, and multinational financial management.

BUS447. Personal Financial Planning. 3 Credits.

Management of personal finances and investments. Topics include monitoring household wealth, developing a personal financial plan, managing liquidity and credit, financing a home, using insurance, retirement and estate planning, and investing in financial assets.

BUS450. Strategic Management. 3 Credits.

Formulation and implementation of business strategies for competitive advantage. Case analysis is used to develop analytical, communication, and team-work skills. This capstone course fulfills the writing intensive course requirement for all business majors.

BUS451. Global Virtual Teams. 3 Credits.

Students complete an international business-oriented consulting project for a company in global virtual teams. Culture, cross-cultural communication, and managing global virtual teams are topics covered in class. Discussion, reflection, and personalized feedback relate to working effectively in global virtual teams.

BUS452. Digital Marketing Analytics. 3 Credits.

Applied learning of a digital marketing analytics platform and its marketing applications. Topics include the platform's analytics layout, reporting, campaign and conversation tracking, data collection and analysis tools, segmentation, targeting, and other marketing applications.

BUS453. Voluntary Income Tax Assistance (VITA). 3 Credits.

Preparation of basic federal and New York State income tax returns as a service to the college and local communities.

BUS454. Applied Investment Management. 3 Credits.

Students learn the practical aspects of investment management and act as portfolio managers to create and manage their own investment portfolios under real-time market conditions. Satisfies applied learning requirement for undergraduate business majors.

BUS455. Managing Environmental and Social Sustainability in Organizations. 3 Credits.

This course equips students to manage environmental and social sustainability in organizations. Through an applied project, students integrate sustainability principles, financial analysis, and systems thinking to develop implementable strategies that drive positive organizational impact and increase firm performance.

BUS456. Human Resources & Organizational Behavior Applications. 3 Credits.

Application of theories, techniques, and strategies from organizational behavior and human resource management. Provides students with practical tools for dealing with the challenges presented by today's highly competitive and dynamic business environment.

BUS457. Entrepreneurship and Business Planning. 3 Credits.

This course will focus on the skills needed to start a business. Topics include identifying markets, developing business plans, and financing operations. Working in teams, students create business plans and may present them to a team of judges.

BUS458. Introduction to Project Management. 3 Credits.

Project manager is often a first step into management. Projects are temporary activities that have a clear goal and end point. Lectures, exercises, and team projects, will develop operational, design, personnel, budget, and communication skills.

BUS459. Intro to Risk Management and Derivatives. 3 Credits.

Introduction to basic concepts of derivatives, risk analysis using quantitative tools and the use of derivatives in risk managment. Topics include Introduction to financial derivatives (forwards, futures and options); Risk management strategies using derivatives, forward and futures pricing theories and Black-Scholes option pricing model.

BUS461. Business Analytics Capstone. 3 Credits.

In this capstone class students integrate the knowledge they have gained in the core curriculum in a project presented in a seminar. Students in this course will review and explore the analytics methodologies and associate risk analysis and risk assessment.

BUS493. Business Selected Topic. 3-12 Credits.

Selected topics courses are regularly scheduled courses that focus on a particular topic of interest. Descriptions are printed in the Schedule of Classes each semester. Selected topics courses may be used as elective credit and may be repeated for credit, provided that the topic of the course changes.

BUS494. Fieldwork In Business. 1-6 Credits.

Supervised experience in a business environment.

BUS495. Independent Study Business. 1-12 Credits.

Supervised study and research.

ECO100. American Economic Development. 3 Credits.

An exploration of the economic development of the United States from the colonial period to the rise of industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries and the current post-industrial era beginning in the 1970s. Globalization and a future with sustainable development is assessed.

ECO101. Feminist Perspectives on Economics. 3 Credits.

Students learn about our economic system, and basic economic concepts. As a central theme of the course, experiences of women and minority groups are considered. Students will use their daily experience and new insights to assess their economic position.

ECO130. Economics of Globalization. 3 Credits.

Introduction to the history and institutional development of globalization with a focus on Asia. Arguments and perspectives of important actors in the globalization process are outlined and evaluated on their economic and social merits using both basic economic theoretical concepts and empirical evidence in a historical context.

ECO193. Economics Selected Topics. 3-12 Credits.

Selected topics courses are regularly scheduled courses that focus on a particular topic of interest. Descriptions are printed in the Schedule of Classes each semester. Selected topics courses may be used as elective credit and may be repeated for credit, provided that the topic of the course changes.

ECO206. Principles of Microeconomics. 3 Credits.

Study of how choices made by households and firms define and affect markets for goods, services and production resources. Analysis of how prices of goods and factors of production are determined in the economy and how government policies affect economic outcomes in allocation of resources.

ECO207. Principles of Macroeconomics. 3 Credits.

Study of general economic principles and examination of the performance of the national economy. The goals and problems of high employment, price stability, growth, and the balance of payments are analyzed. Introduction to monetary and banking institutions. Application of monetary and fiscal policy analysis to current domestic and international macroeconomic issues.

ECO293. Economics Selected Topic. 3-12 Credits.

Selected topics courses are regularly scheduled courses that focus on a particular topic of interest. Descriptions are printed in the Schedule of Classes each semester. Selected topics courses may be used as elective credit and may be repeated for credit, provided that the topic of the course changes.

ECO303. Money and Banking. 3 Credits.

A general study of the nature of money and interest rates. The organization and operations of U.S. financial markets and financial intermediaries. Study of the U.S. financial institutions, and the structure of the Federal Reserve System. Examination of instruments and methods of implementing monetary policy and its effect on both domestic and international economic policy goals. Provides a global perspective by examining monetary policies of other countries.

ECO304. Public Finance. 3 Credits.

Public sector economics focuses largely on taxing and spending activities of the federal government and their influence on allocation of national resources and distribution of income. Policy perspective and international comparison integrate the economic analysis with the real world. Course projects integrate theory and evidence. The current budget of U.S. is examined in a historical context, focusing on how changes in its specific items reallocate resources.

ECO306. Intermediate Microeconomics. 3 Credits.

Study of rational behavior of consumers and producers and their interactions in the marketplace. Introduction to optimization methods and general equilibrium analysis. Rationale for government intervention in regulation of industries, provision of public goods, taxation and subsidies is analyzed. Empirical parts include data analysis using real-world examples.

ECO307. Intermediate Macroeconomics. 3 Credits.

Introduction and analysis of the national income and product accounts. Study of the determinants of the level of national income, employment, investments, economic growth, and the price level. Classical, Keynesian, and post- Keynesian explanations of unemployment and inflation. Study of business cycles. Evaluations of monetary and fiscal policy using computer simulations. Analysis of interactions between the U.S. and other world economies.

ECO309. Economic Development of Latin America. 3 Credits.

Contemporary economic problems in Latin America are explored, from colonial times to the present including integration into the world economy. Economic models and theory on growth, trade, exchange rate determination, and macroeconomic stabilization, combined with an analysis of structural characteristics of the region, are used to assess the impact of economic policy on growth and poverty in Latin America.

ECO310. Economic Development of Asia-Pacific. 3 Credits.

The economic rise of the Asia-Pacific region in the world economy in examined. An overview of the economic history and development strategies that led to the rapid economic growth in China, Japan, India. Economic theories, and growth models, highlight the causes and consequences of rapid growth in the region.

ECO312. Labor Economics and Labor Relations. 3 Credits.

Study of different theories of wage determination and wage structures. Labor market failures and collective bargaining. Impact of the government regulations on labor-management relations. Development of unions and the practice of collective bargaining. Role of social and institutional constraints in labor markets.

ECO351. History of Economic Thought. 3 Credits.

Study of the origins and development of economic theories including pre-classical thinkers. Major schools of thought from the classical political economy of Smith and Ricardo to Marx, the Institutionalists, and to Keynes's modern macroeconomics. Inquiries into the core methodological issues and debates between successive orthodox and heterodox theories.

ECO393. Economics Selected Topic. 3-12 Credits.

Selected topics courses are regularly scheduled courses that focus on a particular topic of interest. Descriptions are printed in the Schedule of Classes each semester. Selected topics courses may be used as elective credit and may be repeated for credit, provided that the topic of the course changes.

ECO401. International Trade and Finance. 3 Credits.

Problems of economic interaction between sovereign states are analyzed from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Topics include international trade theory -- the gains from trade and the pattern of trade, international trade policy -- protectionism and free trade agreements, exchange rate determination and international monetary systems.

ECO404. Industrial Organization. 3 Credits.

An analysis of basic market characteristics that are inherent to the products, or the result of policy manipulation. The number of sellers and their size distribution, product differentiation, advertising and conditions of entry and their relation to profits. Government policies on price fixing, price discrimination, false advertising and other anti-competitive practices. Landmark antitrust cases and current events integrate the real world with theory.

ECO405. International Energy Economics. 3 Credits.

Global and U.S. market forces affecting supply and demand of energy. Current thinking on energy economic, regulations of energy market, oil, gas, electricity, coal, alternative sources of energy and environmental issues. These subjects link actual markets with Economic models of the firm and industry.

ECO418. Economics of Development. 3 Credits.

Analytical and empirical study of socioeconomic problems facing developing countries. Topics include introduction to theoretical foundations of economic development, presentation of measurement methodologies, analysis of key resources required for successful economic development, and empirical case studies.

ECO425. Managerial Economics. 3 Credits.

Students learn how economic forces affect business organizations. They learn to apply economic theory to management decisions. Estimation and forecasting of demand, Firm’s cost analysis and output and pricing decisions under various market structures are emphasized.

ECO430. Monetary Economics. 4 Credits.

Study of the effects of money on the economy. The nature of money and the role of money supply in determining the price level, and aggregate output in the economy. Examination of whether, or to what extent, the quantity of money demanded is affected by changes in interest rates, and the role of interest rates on the aggregate economic activity.

ECO435. Econometrics. 3 Credits.

Study of the empirical estimation of economic relationships. The application of statistical methods to economic theory. Application of range of econometric techniques, including various types of regressions, and interpretation of the results.

ECO450. Senior Seminar in Economics. 3 Credits.

This capstone course prepares economics majors for either graduate school or a career track. It focuses on developing student's skills in research methods and data analysis, as well as professional writing and oral presentation. Systematic analysis of a selected topic on a current economic issue through guided readings and quantitative analysis to result in a major research paper. Fulfills the writing intensive credit requirement.

ECO493. Economics Selected Topics. 3-12 Credits.

Selected topics courses are regularly scheduled courses that focus on a particular topic of interest. Descriptions are printed in the Schedule of Classes each semester. Selected topics courses may be used as elective credit and may be repeated for credit, provided that the topic of the course changes.

ECO494. Fieldwork in Economics. 2-12 Credits.

ECO495. Independent Study in Economics. 1-12 Credits.